N-1Application
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5.0 FUTURE ASSET MANAGEMENT EXPECTATIONS As previously stated, NSPML submits that the evidence of energy deliveries support cessation of the Holdback as of May 1, 2024. NSPML also submits that the Compliance Period is (and has been) reflec...
AI summary NSPML argues that the Holdback should be ceased as of May 1, 2024, citing evidence of energy deliveries. The Compliance Period is reflective of future performance, and NLH undertook planned outages outside of peak demand periods to ensure reliability and cost efficiency, including software updates and maintenance activities.
12 IV. MAINTENANCE OF THE GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION ASSETS 13 NEEDED TO SUPPORT THE DELIVERY OF MUSKRAT FALLS ENERGY
AI summary The section discusses the maintenance requirements for generation and transmission assets essential to delivering energy from the Muskrat Falls project. It emphasizes the importance of sustaining infrastructure to ensure reliable energy delivery.
26 A23. Asset owners adhere to good utility practice in maintaining assets by implementing a 27 structured and proactive approach that encompasses regular inspections, preventive 28 maintenance, and timely repairs. This involves establishi...
AI summary Asset owners are required to maintain utility infrastructure through structured and proactive approaches, including regular inspections, preventive maintenance, and the use of advanced diagnostic tools. They also ensure staff training, adherence to safety protocols, and compliance with regulatory requirements and industry best practices to enhance reliability and efficiency.
1 Q25. PLEASE DESCRIBE GOOD UTILITY PRACTICE AS IT RELATES TO THE 2 PLANNED MAINTENANCE OF GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION ASSETS. 3 A25. Maintaining a large hydroelectric generating unit involves a comprehensive set of tasks 4 aimed at ensuri...
AI summary Good utility practice for maintaining generation and transmission assets includes regular inspections, servicing of hydroelectric components (turbines, generators), structural integrity checks for dams, lubrication, and environmental compliance. Transmission systems involve overhead lines, insulators, and conductors supported by structures, with common voltages at 69kV, 115kV, and 345kV.
12 Q30. ARE THERE IMPORTANT BENEFITS TO PLANNED OUTAGES FOR 13 PREVENTATIVE AND CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE IN PREVENTING 14 UNPLANNED OUTAGES? 15 A30. Yes. While it is not always possible to prevent outages, predictive and proactive 16 mainten...
AI summary Planned outages for maintenance reduce the frequency and duration of system outages, extending asset life. Proactive maintenance is compared to regular car maintenance, emphasizing the importance of preventative measures to avoid equipment failure.
N-2NSPML (BW) RIRs 1-22 - Redacted
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NSPML Responses to Bates White Information Requests 1 ii. Explanation of the "software update" and why the update was needed. 2 iii. If the LIL had been able to operate at 900 MW as designed, would the software 3 update have been needed? 4...
AI summary The document outlines a series of information requests related to a software update, deficiencies, testing, and outage costs associated with the Labrador-Island Link (LIL). It includes inquiries about routine maintenance, additional maintenance activities, and the impact of the outage on Nova Scotia ratepayers.
NON-CONFIDENTIAL 1 2023. At that time the LIL was (and continues to be) operational as a critical piece of the 2 regional system. Work since that time has been part of normal and routine maintenance, or 3 to augment functionality or correc...
AI summary The Labrador-Island Link (LIL) remains operational with routine maintenance and improvements. NSPML argues an icing event constitutes 'exceptional circumstances' warranting relief, noting past extreme weather events without outages. NLH's response to the event had limited downtime, showcasing robust emergency protocols.
shed/upgraded and fleet age Source: IIR, EIA International Energy Statistics. Note: See regional boundaries in Figure 13 and Figure 14. For PSH, only regions with more than one project are included. Generally, regions with older fleets spe...
AI summary Regions with older hydropower fleets incur higher refurbishment/upgrade (R&U) costs per kilowatt, though exceptions exist (e.g., Europe, Russia). The U.S. spends 18% less on R&U than Canada despite having older fleets. R&U decisions depend on factors beyond fleet age, including maintenance history, operational modes, and funding mechanisms. Further analysis of investment patterns is needed.
–2018, except for the very large plant segment. From 2016 to 2018, the consumer price index increased by 4.6% and the small plant segment was the only one for which O&M costs increased faster (10.5%). Variability was also great across indi...
AI summary The text discusses variability in operations and maintenance (O&M) costs across different plant sizes and ages, noting higher costs for smaller and older plants. It highlights that O&M costs for small plants increased faster (10.5%) than the consumer price index (4.6%) between 2016-2018, with significant ranges in costs per kW-year. Older plants (pre-1930) had higher average O&M costs, and differences in average age between the sample and the entire U.S. hydropower fleet challenge assumptions about cost trends.
sessment considered the as-built design with respect to CSA 60826 and the overall likelihood of failure - 30 of the LIL with respect to both glaze and rime icing events.
AI summary The assessment evaluated the as-built design against CSA 60826 standards and analyzed the likelihood of failure for the Labrador-Island Link (LIL) during glaze and rime icing events.
3.5 Typical Asset Component State Classification – Reliability Index and POF Reliability indices are a relative measure of component's POF and provide a qualitative measure of the expected performance. A structure support system (SS) or a...
AI summary This section discusses reliability indices and probability of failure (POF) for infrastructure components, classifying asset states based on these metrics. It highlights that low reliability indices correlate with higher failure risks, using examples like transmission lines (POF 0.02–0.001) and offshore structures (beta ≥5). Design criteria like N-1/N-2 and CSA 60826 standards are referenced for reliability targets.
8.0 Review of Hydro's Operational Experiences and Benchmarking This section presents a review of past line failures that NLH experienced during the operation of transmission line assets during the past 50 years. The objective here is to un...
AI summary This section reviews NLH's transmission line failures over 50 years, analyzing outage hours per 100km and comparing data with national averages (CEA) and CSA 60826-10 standards. It evaluates reliability on the Avalon Peninsula and against a Canadian utility's upgraded line under extreme ice loads.
Short Biography of Dr. Asim Haldar, P.Eng. Asim Haldar received his Master's in Structural Engineering and Ph. D in Ocean Engineering from Memorial University of Newfoundland in 1977 and 1985 respectively, with a specialization in behavior...
AI summary Dr. Asim Haldar, a retired Nalcor Energy engineer, has 41 years of experience in utility engineering, specializing in HV line design, ice load monitoring, and offshore structures. He developed the RIGD ice sensor, led major transmission projects, and contributed to international committees like CIGRE and CEATI. His work includes R&D, publications, and conferences on EHV line design and asset management.
February 5, 2026 Board of Commissioners of Public Utilities Prince Charles Building 120 Torbay Road, P.O. Box 21040 St. John's, NL A1A 5B2 Attention: Colleen Jones Assistant Board Secretary Re: Quarterly Report on Asset Performance in Supp...
AI summary Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro submitted a quarterly report on asset performance to support resource adequacy for the twelve months ended December 31, 2025. The report includes updates on Muskrat Falls assets and was sent to the Board of Commissioners of Public Utilities. The report was prepared in response to a previous request for information.
Quarterly Report on Asset Performance in Support of Resource Adequacy For the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2025 February 5, 2026 A report to the Board of Commissioners of Public Utilities
AI summary A quarterly report on asset performance for resource adequacy, submitted to the Board of Commissioners of Public Utilities, covering the twelve months ended December 31, 2025. The report provides data on asset reliability and availability to support regulatory assessments of resource adequacy.
Quarterly Report on Asset Performance in Support of Resource Adequacy for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2025
AI summary The document is a quarterly report from Nova Scotia Power Marketing Limited (NSPML) detailing asset performance metrics for the twelve months ending December 31, 2025, with a focus on resource adequacy. It likely includes data on forced outages, energy unavailability, and other reliability indicators critical to grid stability.
Quarterly Report on Asset Performance in Support of Resource Adequacy for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2025 - hydraulic units and, historically, was used for the thermal units; however, it does not apply to CTs - because of their o...
AI summary The report discusses metrics like DAUFOP and EqFOR for assessing forced outages and deratings in generating units and the Labrador-Island Link (LIL). It highlights that DAUFOP applies to combustion turbines (CTs) and thermal units under standby operations, while EqFOR measures LIL's performance. The LIL's maximum continuous rating is currently 700 MW.
Quarterly Report on Asset Performance in Support of Resource Adequacy for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2025 - 3.03%. The DAFOR value was based on historical data reflective of Hydro's maintenance program over - the long term. - For...
AI summary The report analyzes forced outage rates (FOR) for hydroelectric facilities, noting that Muskrat Falls uses historical data for near-term rates, while long-term planning assumes regulated maintenance standards. Holyrood TGS's reliability concerns under standby operations necessitate DAUFOP over DAFOR, with a 20% FOR recommendation and 34% sensitivity. Operations remain base-loaded due to LIL's early-stage performance.
Quarterly Report on Asset Performance in Support of Resource Adequacy for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2025, Appendix B
AI summary This document is a quarterly report on asset performance supporting resource adequacy for the twelve months ending December 31, 2025, presented as Appendix B. It likely details generator availability, outage rates, and reliability metrics critical to Nova Scotia's electricity system.
Introduction - The Muskrat Falls Assets, made up of the Labrador-Island Link ("LIL"), which includes the Soldiers Pond - Synchronous Condensers ("SCs"), the Labrador Transmission Assets and the Muskrat Falls Hydroelectric - Generating Faci...
AI summary The Muskrat Falls Assets, including the Labrador-Island Link and hydroelectric facilities, face early operational challenges due to manufacturing defects and equipment failures following a 'bathtub-shaped curve.' Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro addresses these issues through maintenance, capital projects, and engineering studies to improve long-term asset reliability.
2.1 Capital Projects - Muskrat Falls – Repair Unit 2 Turbine - As recommended by the original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") and reported by The Liberty - Consulting Group in its June 2023 monitoring report, vibration issues observed on Un...
AI summary The document discusses the repair of Unit 2 Turbine at Muskrat Falls, requiring dismantling due to vibration issues as recommended by the OEM and reported by The Liberty Consulting Group. Repairs were completed under warranty by September 2025, resolving the issue with the unit now operating normally.
3.1 Operations Items - Brush Gear - Brush equipment performance on the Soldiers Pond SCs decreased in December 2023, resulting in - several scheduled outages to replace damaged brushes, springs and brush holders. - Hydro, in consultation w...
AI summary Brush gear performance on Soldiers Pond Synchronous Condensers (SCs) declined in December 2023, leading to scheduled outages and repairs. Modifications, including new brush configurations and operational controls, were implemented in 2024, resulting in improved performance by 2025. Ongoing investigations are addressing a potential issue with a grounding brush on SC3.
Quarterly Report on Asset Performance in Support of Resource Adequacy for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2025, Appendix B - power control issues on the LIL. The OEM identified the root cause of the issue to be a manufacturing - defec...
AI summary The text discusses power control issues on the Labrador-Island Link (LIL) due to a manufacturing defect in fiber optic cables affecting six DCCTs at the Muskrat Falls HVdc Converter Station, which have been replaced. GE has proposed a revised plan involving a new DCCT provider and contractual spares, with Hydro collaborating to mitigate the issue.
Optimizing Clamp Designs - During December 2022, March 2024, and January 2025, there were issues with the electrode conductor - during significant ice loading, the root cause of which was determined to be overloading due to ice and - ice s...
AI summary Issues with electrode conductors due to ice loading led to the installation of three alternative clamp designs on ten structures. These designs aim to reduce stresses and improve performance. A DCCT replacement is planned for 2026, with reference to a report from Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro.
Conclusion - Hydro recognizes the criticality of the Muskrat Falls Assets to the supply of the Island Interconnected - System, which helps to limit the thermal generation required from the Holyrood TGS and impacts the - overall reliability...
AI summary Hydro acknowledges the importance of Muskrat Falls Assets to the Island Interconnected System, reducing reliance on Holyrood TGS thermal generation and enhancing grid reliability. Hydro will monitor asset performance to address early-life issues from manufacturing or component defects.
8 Damping system - 9 In 2024, an engineering consultant was engaged to provide an updated damper technical specification - 10 based on past issues. A damper supplier was also engaged to determine the quantity and type of - 11 dampers to pr...
AI summary In 2024, an engineering consultant and damper supplier were engaged to address past issues with a damping system. Vibration equipment was installed but faced weather-related failures, prompting new installations in 2025. A 2026 recommendation for a new damping system is anticipated, supported by asset performance reports from Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro.
Top Plate Design - Analysis was completed in 2024 to determine the towers that were susceptible to top plate connection - issues due to design error. 61 A3 towers and 2 A4 towers were determined to be critical and should be - fixed as soon...
AI summary An analysis identified 61 A3 and 2 A4 towers requiring urgent top plate reinforcement due to design flaws. Reinforcement for A3 towers was completed in 2024, while design for other tower types (A2, A4, B1, B2) was finalized in 2025. Remaining A4 tower work is scheduled for 2026-2028. Other towers may experience non-fatal bending, manageable via annual maintenance. Hydro will maintain alternate designs for precaution.
3.6.3 Discussion As shown in Table 13, adding a mid-span structure will slightly improve weight imbalance, but it won't be enough to avoid overstresses. This is due to the land topography at this section (towers running uphill), which intr...
AI summary The analysis concludes that adding a mid-span structure will only marginally improve weight imbalance caused by uphill terrain, making tower reinforcement a more practical solution to avoid overstress.
N-4NSPML (IG) RIRs 1-26 - Redacted
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6 & quot;Quarterly Report on Asset Performance in Support of Resource Adequacy for the Twelve Months Ended March 31, 2025," Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro, April 30, 2025, att. 2, app. B. 7 & quot;Quarterly Report on Asset Performance in...
AI summary The text references two quarterly reports on asset performance from Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro, submitted in April 2025 and February 2026, as part of resource adequacy documentation.
8 Damping system - 9 In 2024, an engineering consultant was engaged to provide an updated damper technical specification - 10 based on past issues. A damper supplier was also engaged to determine the quantity and type of - 11 dampers to pr...
AI summary In 2024, an engineering consultant and damper supplier were engaged to update the damping system specification and assess damping requirements for a transmission line. Vibration monitoring equipment was installed but faced severe weather issues, prompting new equipment installation in 2025. A damping system recommendation is expected in 2026.
Top Plate Design - Analysis was completed in 2024 to determine the towers that were susceptible to top plate connection - issues due to design error. 61 A3 towers and 2 A4 towers were determined to be critical and should be - fixed as soon...
AI summary Analysis identified 61 A3 and 2 A4 towers with critical top plate design issues, requiring immediate reinforcement completed in 2024. Additional tower types (A2, A4, B1, B2) will undergo phased reinforcement starting in 2026, with completion by 2028. Engineering assessments indicate non-critical structures may only need repairs during annual maintenance if deformation occurs.
3.1 S4-502 (2469) Tower position S4-502 (2469) was chosen due to the presence of a significant ahead/back weight span imbalance Weight span imbalances amplify unbalanced icing cases longitudinal loads relative to towers in a balanced ahead...
AI summary The tower position S4-502 (2469) was selected due to a weight span imbalance, leading to increased longitudinal loads. The absence of an electrode and increased span lengths with the A1 tower configuration have caused peak loading issues, with prior failures documented in the referenced failure investigation report.
3.2.3 Discussion As shown in Table 5, adding one mid-span structure only does not address the peak members overstresses. This is due to the unbalanced weight spans that were introduced when only one mid- span structure was added (i.e., imb...
AI summary The analysis reveals that adding one or two mid-span structures fails to fully resolve overstresses in tower configurations due to unbalanced weight spans. Reinforcement remains necessary for certain towers, while adding multiple towers is deemed impractical. This highlights challenges in structural design for power line infrastructure.
3.4.3 Discussion Adding one or two mid-span structures will reduce tower S1-318 (319) overstresses. Reinforcing of overstressed members will still be required. This makes the mid-span structure addition not an economical solution in this s...
AI summary The discussion evaluates structural reinforcement options for tower S1-318/319, concluding that adding mid-span structures is uneconomical due to remaining reinforcement needs. Existing tower reinforcement is deemed a more viable solution.
er types (A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, and E1) were designed to meet the loading requirements, which consist of a specified wind load, ice load, and combination of both applied to the line. There have been a number of failures t...
AI summary The document details transmission line failures in central Labrador due to ice events between 2021 and 2022. Electrode crossarms and conductors were damaged by unbalanced ice loads exceeding design specifications (50 mm radial glaze ice). Ice loads measured 54–72 mm (0.88–0.9 g/cm³ density) during events, leading to failures on A1-type towers with electrode conductors.
3. Analysis The failure investigations of damage to the towers and conductors in past events determined the root cause was overloading due to unbalanced ice loads. To determine the benefits of removing the electrode conductor from the towe...
AI summary The analysis evaluates structural failure risks in power line towers under balanced and unbalanced ice load scenarios with and without electrode conductors. Removing electrodes significantly reduces failure rates (e.g., 5-80% failures with electrodes vs. 0% without for 60-70 mm ice loads). Over 70 mm balanced ice causes near-total failures regardless of electrode presence, highlighting critical infrastructure vulnerabilities.
Construction Quality, and Maintenance Review - The final construction quality control inspection of the structures from 1218–1228, and 1232 was - completed in May of 2016, and showed no issue with the tower steel. There were no non-conform...
AI summary The final construction quality inspection for towers 1218–1228 and 1232 in May 2016 found no issues with tower steel. However, 12 structures had prior corrective work orders for conductor/tower damage caused by Aeolian vibration, galloping, ice accumulation, or unbalanced ice load from ice shedding.
Analysis of Loads Causing Failures - A complete as-built model of L3501/2 includes the existing terrain, as-built tower locations and heights, - with complete finite element tower models. PLS-CADD is a transmission line design program that...
AI summary The analysis uses PLS-CADD software to model L3501/2 transmission line towers under various loading conditions. Tower failure is defined as exceeding 100% maximum utilization, calculated as force applied divided by damage limit capacity. The document emphasizes structural performance evaluation under extreme loads.
oad design for L3501/2. This assessment was - completed in 2024. A consultant will be contracted to provide a design and cost estimate for tower - modification that will be required to meet this new unbalanced ice load design, to be comple...
AI summary The text discusses infrastructure modifications for the L3501/2 transmission line to address unbalanced ice load failures, including tower redesign, mid-span structures, and conductor material analysis. Material testing revealed steel core migration in conductors, prompting recommendations for radiography assessments. Ongoing clamp performance evaluations and annual inspections are proposed.
Table of contents Executive summary ii Table of contents iii List of figures iv List of tables viii 1 BACKGROUND 1 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 4 2.1 Preliminary Examination of Failed Conductor EL-1 4 2.2 Preliminary Examination of Failed Con...
AI summary The document outlines a technical examination of failed conductors EL-1 and EL-2, analyzing their dimensional, mechanical, and metallurgical properties. It includes evaluations of intact conductors for comparison, aiming to determine causes of failure and recommend actions. The study is part of a regulatory proceeding under the Nova Scotia Utility and Review Board (NSUARB).
the conductors). It has been noted that galloping of the conductors has been observed by NL Hydro on multiple occasions in the vicinity of Tower #1225 since the installation of the lines in 2017 [1]. Figure 1-2 is a field photograph of Tow...
AI summary The text details conductor failures at Tower #1225, noting galloping observed by NL Hydro since 2017. It describes the ACSR Grackle conductor specifications and NL Hydro's request for analysis by Wayland Engineering to determine failure mechanisms.
2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION Section 2.1 and Section 2.2 detail the preliminary examination conducted for the sections of failed conductor received for analysis from line EL-1and EL-2, respectively.
AI summary Sections 2.1 and 2.2 describe the preliminary examination of failed conductors from lines EL-1 and EL-2, focusing on their analysis to determine causes of failure.
2.1 Preliminary Examination of Failed Conductor EL-1 Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2 show two views of the single section of failed conductor EL-1 provided by NL Hydro as received for analysis. The section consisted of an approximately 60 cm lon...
AI summary The analysis of failed conductor EL-1 revealed severe bird-caging at one end, fractured aluminum strands with exposed steel core at the other, and migration of the steel core toward the lower part of the wire clamp. These findings indicate structural failure likely due to mechanical stress or corrosion.
2.2 Preliminary Examination of Failed Conductor EL-2 Figure 2-11 through Figure 2-14 show views of the two sections of the failed conductor EL-2 provided by NL Hydro as received for analysis. The first section (Figure 2-11 and Figure 2-12)...
AI summary The examination of failed conductor EL-2 revealed fractured aluminum strands and severe birdcaging in two sections. The first section had a missing steel core, while the second section, with a Stockbridge damper, showed extensive damage. The steel core remained intact at Tower #1225, similar to conductor EL-1.
einforcing wire strands. Measurements indicated that the overall fracture failure of the conductor occurred approximately 21 cm from the beginning of one of the epoxy filled terminations (Figure 3-7). Figure 3-8 is a close-up view of the c...
AI summary The uniaxial tension test revealed a conductor fracture 21 cm from an epoxy-filled termination. SEM fractographic analysis showed cup-and-cone morphology and void coalescence, consistent with ductile failure under uniaxial tension. Figures and sections detail the failure mechanisms of the Grackle ACSR conductor's aluminum and steel strands.
5.1 Summary of the Physical Evidence The following summarizes the physical evidence generated during the investigation for the failed sections of conductor EL-1 and EL-2 from suspension Tower #1225 provided for evaluation. Given the simila...
AI summary The physical evidence from failed conductors EL-1 and EL-2 at Tower #1225 reveals stripped outer conductors, ductile fracture failures, zinc contamination from steel strands, and localized brinelling. Measurements and SEM/EDS analyses indicate zinc migration and structural integrity issues, with uniaxial tension testing showing a breaking strength exceeding 187 kN.
6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The conclusions and recommendations inferred by the investigation for the failed sections of conductor EL-1 and EL-2 from suspension Tower #1225 include: - The physical, chemical and metallurgical evidence...
AI summary The failure of conductors EL-1 and EL-2 at Tower #1225 was attributed to ductile limit load fracture caused by ice accumulation and wind forces, with steel core migration exacerbating the issue. Radiographic imaging is recommended for detecting such failures. NL Hydro is advised to investigate this method with radiography experts.
XLPE Systems, Technical User Guide. http://www.bruggcables.com/pdf/Brugg_Cables_User_Guide.pdf - 13. Gorur R S et al. (2006). A Novel Approach for Prioritizing Maintenance of Underground Cables. PSERC Publication 06-40, Power Systems Engin...
AI summary The text lists technical references related to XLPE systems and underground cable maintenance, including studies on aging, insulation, and water treeing prevention. Key sources include Brugg Cables' technical guide and academic papers from IEEE and Arizona State University.
uce strain and forces on the flexible joint, it is advisable not to head up before the joint is in position on the sea floor. The two cable ends are now in parallel with a 10 m distance to each other. 6. After passing by the end of the eas...
AI summary The repair process involves positioning the repair vessel to handle underwater cables, using a quadrant to manage cable deployment, and ensuring tension on cables during jointing operations to maintain stability and prevent vertical displacement.
9.1.1 Common Measures for All Kind of Submarine Power Cables The cable operator must protect the cable from a number of hardships, such as overvoltage, overheating, external violence, fatigue, etc. This requires an active involvement and t...
AI summary The cable operator must implement measures to protect submarine power cables from overvoltage, overheating, external damage, and fatigue. Strategies include surge arresters, DTS monitoring, free span stabilization, and vessel traffic monitoring. Thermal hazards require bathymetric studies and satellite tracking, while asset management and infrastructure planning are critical for long-term cable integrity.
9.1.3 Mass-Impregnated Cables and XLPE Cables Mass-impregnated and extruded cables, also called solid cables (cf. Chap. 2), are maintenance-free. This is also valid for the submarine joints belonging to these cable types. Cables with solid...
AI summary Mass-impregnated and XLPE cables are maintenance-free, with solid insulation eliminating the need for pressurization. Pressure and oil level monitoring via SCADA systems is critical to prevent tripping. XLPE cables in GIS substations require similar oil monitoring as land cables, though some terminations use small amounts of insulation oil.
9.1.5 Cable Terminations The proximity of many submarine power cable terminations to the sea may cause severe salt layer deposits on the insulators calling for a regular cleaning schedule. Some cleaning can be done under energized lines. S...
AI summary Proximity of submarine power cable terminations to the sea leads to salt deposits on insulators, requiring regular cleaning and hydrophobicity testing. Corrosion, especially galvanic corrosion, must be monitored in terminations near shore or marine platforms.