Topic:"Electricity Generation" in M12696

1 the Board should welcome planned maintenance outages. As stated above and consistent 2 with Nova Scotia's Independent System Operator's outage coordination procedures, 3 planned outages are part of normal operation and good utility pract...

AI summary The text discusses the importance of recognizing planned maintenance outages in the context of the holdback mechanism. It argues that planned outages are normal and necessary, and without allowances for them, the Maritime Link cannot meet the requirements for terminating the holdback mechanism, despite customers receiving the agreed-upon service under the ECA.

CONFIDENTIAL (ATTACHMENTS ONLY) 1 j) This is not calculable from the data set available. Muskrat Falls is more or less a run of the 2 river power plant; the power output is a function of the water flowing down the Churchill 3 River and the...

AI summary The text discusses the Muskrat Falls hydroelectric power plant's output and availability, noting that its production is primarily between 612-629MW and referencing a derated adjusted forced outage rate (DAFOR) of 1.35% in 2025, which is significantly lower than the 5.27% average for similar units in Canada.

System Planning Department, Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro October 30, 2011 Stephenville 50 MW CTs to retire in 2022 and 2024 respectively By comparison the 2017 peak load forecast for the Island Interconnected System equals 1704 MW. Base...

AI summary The document discusses the retirement of two 50 MW combustion turbines in Stephenville in 2022 and 2024, and the potential need for additional combustion turbine generation due to expected peak load exceeding total generation supply in 2022, considering the risk of a bipole outage.

RELIABILITY & AVAILABILITY ASSESSMENT OF THE HVdc ISLAND LINK SLI Document No.: 505573-480A-47ER-0017-00 Nalcor Reference No.: ILK-SN-CD-8000-EL-SY-0004-01-B1

AI summary This document outlines the reliability and availability assessment of the HVdc Island Link, focusing on technical standards and system performance. It references key organizations and standards relevant to the project's evaluation.

The U.S. market for hydropower turbine installation remains competitive and robust and import/export trade balance for hydraulic turbines is near zero. - » Five companies (American Hydro, Andritz, GE Renewable Energy, Voith, and Toshiba) m...

AI summary The U.S. hydropower turbine market is competitive, with five major manufacturers (American Hydro, Andritz, GE Renewable Energy, Voith, Toshiba) dominating large-scale installations. Imports primarily come from China, Canada, and Brazil, while exports to Canada and Mexico account for 51% of total turbine and part shipments between 2015–2019.

Chapter 1 — Looking Back: An Overview of Changes Across the U.S. Hydropower and PSH Fleet AT THE END OF 2019, 80.25 GW OF GENERATING CAPACITY WERE OPERATIONAL IN 2,270 HYDROPOWER PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES5,6 — In 2019, the U.S. hydropowe...

AI summary In 2019, U.S. hydropower generated 274 TWh (6.6% of total electricity) with 80.25 GW operational capacity. Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH) dominated utility-scale energy storage (93% of power capacity, 99% of energy storage). Capacity grew by 1,688 MW from 2010–2019, driven by existing fleet upgrades and new developments on non-powered dams.

icense to a new entity or surrender it. Figure 5. Issued hydropower and PSH relicenses by year and facility type Source: FERC eLibrary issued eight relicenses per year. From 2010 to 2019, FERC issued 80 relicenses that extended the authori...

AI summary From 2010–2019, FERC issued 80 relicenses for 71 hydropower and 8 PSH projects, totaling 13.6 GW. 55% required construction for environmental or recreational upgrades. License terms shifted to a default 40-year term post-2017, with 48% of relicenses having 30-year terms and 16% 50-year terms.

use of the lower capacity factor of their fleets which are operated as peaking plants. For instance, in 2018, the average capacity factor was 41% for BPA, 37% for WAPA, 33% for SWPA, and 28% for SEPA.

AI summary The text discusses the lower capacity factors of peaking plants operated by BPA, WAPA, SWPA, and SEPA in 2018, citing average capacity factors of 41%, 37%, 33%, and 28% respectively. These figures highlight operational characteristics of peaking plants compared to baseload generation.

in the Electric Quarterly Report dataset after 2016; however, based on ISO-NE's forward capacity auction results, both Bear Swamp and Northfield Mountain have received capacity payments in 2014-2017. In 2014–2018, the energy component of r...

AI summary The text analyzes revenue streams from power plants, noting that capacity payments and ancillary services significantly contributed to revenue for Northfield Mountain and Seneca. California PSH plants faced lower energy revenue due to droughts, while uplift credits varied by ISO/RTO. Energy revenue trends correlate with wholesale prices in the Northeast.

4.2 Trends in Hydropower and PSH Asset Sale Prices Most U.S. hydropower plant transactions in the past 15 years have been between private buyers and sellers. Yet, the largest transactions in 2018 and 2019 were the purchases of 85 U.S. hydr...

AI summary U.S. hydropower and PSH asset sales over the past 15 years show private transactions dominate, though large-scale purchases by Canadian entities like Ontario Power Generation occurred. Average sale prices range from $42/kW to $3,400/kW, with notable deals involving Eagle Creek and Cube Hydro. Motivations include regulatory requirements (e.g., FERC-mandated mergers) and operational costs.

5.3 Energy Generation

AI summary The section '5.3 Energy Generation' introduces a comprehensive list of acronyms and terms relevant to energy generation, regulatory processes, and technical standards in Nova Scotia's electricity sector.

2018, 2012 had the most widespread drought conditions (43% of areas under D1–D4 drought categories), and 2017 had the least widespread drought conditions (12% of areas under D1–D4 drought categories). The correlation coefficient between hy...

AI summary The text analyzes the correlation between drought conditions and hydropower generation across regions, noting negative correlations in most areas except Alaska and lower Colorado. Reservoir storage capacity and irrigation demands during droughts significantly influence hydropower output, with examples like the Hoover Dam's buffering effect highlighted.

5.4 Capacity Factors On average, the median nationwide capacity factor from 2005 to 2018 has been 39%. Hydrological and market conditions, as well as plant-level variables (mode of operation, outage schedule, multipurpose constraints), exp...

AI summary The median nationwide hydropower capacity factor from 2005 to 2018 was 39%, influenced by hydrological conditions, market factors, and plant-specific variables. Figure 40 illustrates annual capacity factor distributions, showing extremes linked to droughts in the Pacific Northwest and California, with 2015 experiencing the lowest capacity factor (33.9%) due to prolonged drought conditions.

5.5 Availability Factors In 2016–2018, availability factors remained stable for small (< 10 MW) and large units (> 100 MW) but continued decreasing for medium-sized units (10–100 MW). As shown in Section 5.4, the average capacity factor fo...

AI summary Availability factors for hydropower units in 2016–2018 showed stability for small and large units but declines for medium-sized units. The text distinguishes capacity factors from availability factors, emphasizing their different implications for performance evaluation. NERC collects and publishes availability data through GADS, though unit identifiers are anonymized.

he fleet level means that it is not possible to ascertain if most individual units within the fleet adjust their output similarly or most of the ramp is just performed by the few, most flexible units. One-hour ramps (i.e., hourly changes i...

AI summary The analysis examines one-hour output changes (ramps) for hydropower and natural gas fleets using EIA data from BAs. Hydropower changed 84% of hours, natural gas 93%, with Figure 48 showing distributions by BA in 2019.

ts with dams for which hydropower is the primary purpose. The number and type of environmental constraints are other potential sources of ramping restrictions to consider. Figure 50. Average positive hydropower (including PSH) one-hour ram...

AI summary The text discusses factors influencing hydropower ramping restrictions, including environmental constraints and operational characteristics of dams. It references a figure analyzing average positive hydropower ramps per megawatt against the peaking fraction of hydropower fleets across balancing authorities, noting data limitations and methodology.

Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania) require a hydropower facility to be certified by the Low Impact Hydropower Institute or meet similar environmental standards as one of the components for RPS eligibility. Since the beginning of 2018, at least...

AI summary The text outlines U.S. states' evolving RPS targets and hydropower eligibility criteria, noting increases since 2018, changes in small and run-of-river hydropower inclusion, and 100% clean energy mandates. States like Ohio, Connecticut, and Nevada are highlighted for legislative updates expanding hydropower eligibility.

ions/2017/Jun/Renewable-Energy-Auctions-Analysing-2016 IRENA. 2018. Corporate Sourcing of Renewables: Market and Industry Trends—Remade Index 2018. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency. IRENA. 2019a. Renewable Energy Auctions:...

AI summary The text lists references to studies and reports on renewable energy auctions, hydropower potential, and climate change impacts on federal hydropower. Key themes include renewable energy market trends, hydropower development assessments, and workforce development for U.S. hydropower.

8.1 NLH System at a High Level Figure 8.1 presents the Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro bulk power system at the 230-kV level. The transmission line system connects the major hydraulic generating stations. The basic 230 kV transmission line...

AI summary The document describes the Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro (NLH) bulk power system at the 230-kV level, detailing transmission lines connecting major generating stations like Bay D'Espoir and hydroelectric plants (Cat Arm, Hinds Lake). It outlines parallel line configurations, load centers, and infrastructure distinctions (e.g., steel vs. wood pole lines) in both eastern and western regions, referencing figures for visual context.

- 5 performance improved for the current period, when compared to the previous period. - 6 The DAUFOP performance for the Happy Valley GT and the Hardwoods and Stephenville GTs has - 7 improved for the current period, while the Holyrood CT...

AI summary Performance metrics for various generating units and the Labrador Island Transmission Link (LIL) have improved in the current period compared to the previous period, with the exception of the Holyrood CT, which saw a decline. The LIL's performance has improved, with no significant impacts to the EqFOR due to operational events.

Table 6: Hydraulic Weighted DAFOR – Muskrat Falls Generating Unit Maximum Continuous Unit Rating (MW) 12 Months Ended Dec 2024 (%) 12 Months Ended Dec 2025 (%) Near-Term Analysis Value (%) Resource Planning Analysis Value (%) Muskrat Falls...

AI summary Table 6 presents the Hydraulic Weighted DAFOR (Derated Adjusted Forced Outage Rate) for Muskrat Falls generating units, showing the percentage of forced outages for different time periods and analyses. The data highlights variations in outage rates across the units and timeframes.

6.1 Holyrood TGS Unit 1 - Considering individual thermal unit performance, the DAFOR of 39.12% for Unit 1 at the Holyrood TGS is - above the near-term and resource planning analysis value of 20.00% for a unit at the Holyrood TGS; - however...

AI summary Holyrood TGS Unit 1 experienced elevated DAFOR (39.12%) due to a 2024 turbine overhaul and recurring control valve issues causing derates to 105 MW and 160 MW. Outages and maintenance delays impacted performance, with investigations ongoing for condenser back pressure and air in-leakage.

Table 10: Holyrood CT DAUFOP CT Unit Maximum Continuous Unit Rating (MW) 12 Months Ended Dec 2024 (%) 12 Months Ended Dec 2025 (%) Near-Term Planning and Resource Planning Analysis Value (%) Holyrood 123.5 0.00 25.13 4.90

AI summary Table 10 presents the DAUFOP (Derated Adjusted Utilization Forced Outage Probability) for the Holyrood Combustion Turbine (CT) unit, showing a significant increase in the 12-month ended December 2025 from 0.00% to 25.13%, with a near-term planning and resource planning analysis value of 4.90%.

Muskrat Falls Hydroelectric Generating Facility - Muskrat Falls was commissioned in November 2021. The Muskrat Falls Plant continues to outperform - similar units across Canada, with a total plant derated adjusted forced outage rate perfor...

AI summary Muskrat Falls Hydroelectric Generating Facility, commissioned in November 2021, has a derated adjusted forced outage rate (DAFOR) of 1.35% through the end of the fourth quarter of 2025, significantly outperforming the Canadian average of 5.27% for similar units.

2.1.5 Milliken Conductor The alternating magnetic field from the a.c. current in a conductor produces an electromagnetic force (emf) that concentrate the current flow lines into the peripheral parts of the conductor (the "skin"). The curre...

AI summary The text explains how the alternating magnetic field from a.c. current in a conductor causes the current to concentrate in the peripheral parts of the conductor, referred to as the 'skin' effect. It also references a figure depicting an LPOF cable made by Taihan.

Table 2.1 Specific resistivity and its temperature coefficient Copper Aluminium mm2/m R20: Specific electric resistivity @20◦C, α: Thermal coefficient of the specific electric resistivity @20◦C, 1/K 0,01786 0,00392 0,02874 0,0042 conductor...

AI summary Table 2.1 provides specific resistivity and temperature coefficients for copper and aluminum conductors. The IEC 60228 standard is referenced for conductor resistance values, which consider the influence of strand lay length.

Table 3.5 Dielectric properties of high-voltage cable insulation materials. $\tan \delta$ is depending on the temperature. A more comprehensive list is in Chap. 12. IEC 60287 Dielectric loss factor tan $\boldsymbol{\delta}$ Dielectric cons...

AI summary Table 3.5 outlines the dielectric properties of high-voltage cable insulation materials, including the dielectric loss factor (tan δ) and dielectric constant (ε_r) for materials like XLPE and oil/paper. Dielectric losses increase with voltage and are significant for high-voltage cables but can be neglected for XLPE cables under 127 kV.

3.2.2 The Cigré Test Recommendation The only known mechanical test recommendation for submarine power cables is the Cigré test recommendation for submarine cables [15], referred to as Electra 171 in the following. The most prominent test o...

AI summary The Cigré test recommendation provides mechanical testing guidelines for submarine power cables, including tension calculations based on laying depth and dynamic forces. The test involves simultaneous bending and pulling, with equations provided for tension values under different conditions. However, the test may not fully account for extreme weather scenarios or dynamic forces in the catenary.

Note. The nominal internal stress is the electric stress at the conductor screen at rated phase-toground voltage. A "wet" design is a cable without impermeable metallic sheath. The limits given in the standard are valid unless proposed oth...

AI summary The text discusses the design stress and insulation requirements for high-voltage cables, noting that higher design stress and thinner insulation are possible but would require more costly production and higher-grade insulation materials. For cables rated at 150 kV or higher, higher design stresses are generally accepted due to improved polymer grades and better insulation stability.

Table 10.4 ICNIRP Guidelines for magnetic fields Occupational exposure Public exposure 0 Hz (d.c. cables) 200,000 μT 40,000 μT 50 Hz (a.c. cables) 500 μT 100 μT 60 Hz (a.c. cables) 417 μT 83 μT have been raised on the impact of d.c. magnet...

AI summary The document discusses the ICNIRP guidelines for magnetic fields and mentions studies on the impact of HVDC cables on submarine organisms, particularly fish. Research by the Swedish Fishery Authority found that some fish species, including eels, are not significantly affected by the magnetic fields from HVDC cables.

REFERENCES - 1. CSA Standard C22.3 No. 1‐06 Overhead systems published October 2006 by Canadian Standards Association - 2. National Standard of Canada CAN/CSA‐C22.3 No. 60826:06 Design criteria of overhead transmission lines published Octo...

AI summary The document lists several references, including standards and studies related to overhead transmission lines and HVDC systems. These references are sourced from organizations such as the Canadian Standards Association, CIGRE, and Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro.

15,236 46,766 -31,530 Aug-23 83,742 83,265 477 62,197 -61,720 Sep-23 81,041 53,804 27,237 20,904 6,333 Oct-23 83,742 83,742 0 71,399 -71,399 Nov-23 81,041 81,041 0 43,905 -43,905 Dec-23 83,742 80,959 2,784 51,369 -48,586 Jan-24 83,514 83,5...

AI summary The table presents the calculation of undelivered and makeup volumes of Base Block from 2021 to 2025, measured in MWh. It includes monthly data across multiple years, showing fluctuations in delivered and makeup volumes.

g of the LIL, Nova Scotians have received 100 percent of the contracted energy, with an EqFOR availability of the NS Block being consistent with other NS Power assets and strong capacity availability during the critical winter periods, and...

AI summary NSPML argues that the conditions to end the Holdback have been met, citing that owed energy fell below 10% in March 2024 and that planned outages were in line with good utility practice. The Labrador Island Link (LIL) was commissioned in April 2023 and has delivered 100% of contracted energy with strong capacity availability.